Thinking Activity on I.A.Richards 'Figurative Language'

                           
 I will discuss and analyse some poetry, Ghazal and some poetic lines of different poets through the theory of I.A. Richards 'Figurative Language'.

Historical sense and use of metaphors

(1) 

कवि के खयालात है चाय,

नेता के बयानात है चाय

किसीके दिलोकी आस है चाय,

तो सबकीे रूहकी प्यास है चाय

खामोश लबों की जुबां है चाय,

भटकते बेरोजगारो का मुकाम है चाय

जिन्दगी में कर लो इकठ्ठा अमानत चाय की,

क्यों की मैदाने महेशर में, 

हम सब की जमानत है चाय.

Ramiz...

                                   

                                In first few lines poet tries to give a huge form/importance to the tea. We all use tea in our day to day life but rarely notice that it works as a kind of energy to us. we often heard that from people that I would get the headache, if I miss my morning tea. here poet comparing tea with such elements. 

for example... 

कवि के खयालात है चाय,

नेता के बयानात है चाय

किसीके दिलोकी आस है चाय,

तो सबकीे रूहकी प्यास है चाय

खामोश लबों की जुबां है चाय,

भटकते बेरोजगारो का मुकाम है चाय

                               poet tries say that if there is no existence of tea in this world then may be such valuable would be miss in this world like the valuable thoughts of poet's mind, speeches of political leaders etc. Because many times we found that many people can not start their day without having tea. This same situation is also of poets, because same time without tea they can not write much effective. So, here tea has compared to the thoughts of the poets. Though the important lines are the last few lines because it is actually concerns with the essay of I.A Richards' 'Figurative Language'.

जिन्दगी में कर लो इकठ्ठा अमानत चाय की,

क्यों की मैदाने महेशर में, 

हम सब की जमानत है चाय.

                               Here poet has gives tea a kind of higher position which is related to our Karma. let's understand how?

                               These lines has concern with the myth of Maidan-E-Maheshar related to the Islam. It is belief in Islam that a soul of all the person after their death will go to the place called Maidan-E-Maheshar where they will remain till the day of judgement. At the day of judgement Allah (God) will tab the sin as well as righteousness of each and every person, and on the basis of this tab it will be decided that who will go to the heaven and who will go to the hell.

So, here by giving more importance to the tea poet interchanges a tea with the Sin and righteousness and says that if you wants to get the heaven then you must loving to the tea otherwise you will not get the bail to the heaven from the prison of Maidan-E-Maheshar.

Now if we take to analyse these lines from the viewpoint of I.A.Richards' principal 'difficulties found in poetry', we can find that if someone would read these lines without knowing the myth of Maidan-E-Maheshar then he/she may not be able to understand these lines. So, a kind of historical sense can be found in these last lines.

Historical sense and use of metaphors. 

                            Now, if we talk about the use of metaphors in any poetic creation then none other can be better then the song Afreen Afreen originally sung by 'Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan' and written by 'Javed Akhtar'. In this song/Ghazal we can find many metaphors for a body and face of lady.

So, let's see what kind of metaphors has used in this creation.

(2)

ऐसा देखा नहीं खूबसुरत कोई

जिस्म जैसे अजंता की मूरत कोई

जिस्म जैसे निगाहों पह जादू कोई 
जिस्म नगमा कोई जिस्म खुशबू कोई

जिस्म जैसे महकती हुई चाँदनी

जिस्म जैसे मचलती हुई रागिनी

जिस्म जैसे किः खिलता हुआ इक चमन

जिस्म जैसे की सूरज की पहली किरण

जिस्म तरशा हुआ दिलकश ओ दिलनशीं 

संदाली संदाली

मरमरी मरमरी

                            In this lines we can find many comparison between natural elements like moonshine, blossoming garden, the first light of dawn, warm and smooth sandalwood, pure and delicate marble to the beautiful body of a lady. Poet compare these elements to praise the body of a lady. 
                    
                             Important metaphor to notice is found in the first line where poet says that body is like the idol of Ajanta, (The caves of Ajanta-Ellora, Mumbai, India.) where we can find that almost all the idols of woman in Ajanta cave are naked and indicate the 'Love Rasa' (शृंगार रस) one of the nine 'Rasas' described in the theory of 'Rasa' in Bharat Muni's 'Natyashastra', which is consider as the Hindu scriptures or texts. The 'Love Rasa' is all about the myth of Shiva and Shakti in which it is said that creation of human is only happened for the enjoyment of love (Shringara), when Shiva and Shakti, male and female energies, who were one, decided to play game of hide and seek. Love is the most extreme happiness that two people can create together, leaving as the God and Goddess in a universe of their own. In this the relationship becomes rehearsal of surrender to the universe and the divine. So, here poet wants to compare the beauty of a lady (may be of his lover) with a beauty of a lady described in the myth of 'Love Rasa' through the idol of Ajanta.

                           so it can also called the historical sense of a poet because if someone does not know about the 'Love Rasa' then he/she may not understand the meaning of first line of this creation.  

चेहरा इक फूल की तरह शादाब है 

चेहरा उस का है या कोई महताब है 

चेहरा जैसे ग़ज़ल चेहरा जान ग़ज़ल 

चेहरा जैसे कली चेहरा जैसे कँवल 

चेहरा जैसे तसव्वुर भी तस्वीर भी 

चेहरा इक खाब भी चेहरा ताबीर भी 

चेहरा कोई अलिफ़ लैला की दास्ताँ 

चेहरा इक पल यकीं चेहरा इक पल गुमां 

चेहरा जैसा के चेहरा कहीं भी नहीं 

माहरु माहरु 

महजबीं महजबीं

Javed Akhtar

This time poet compare the beautiful face of a lady with such things like to the fresh flower, to the sheer poetry, to the artist's thoughts and also to its translation, he says that face is both dream as well as retaliation, her face is like magical tale.

(4)

बडी मुदद्तो से बंद था आज खुल जाने दे,

ख्वाबो में भी याद रख्खा था,

मगर अब तुजे भूल जाने दे,

इस रेत भरे दिल के समंदर में

बारिश का तुफान आया है अरसो बाद,

अब तेरी महोब्बत की अधुरी स्याही को,

मेरे दि्ल के कागज से धुल जाने दे

या इस बेवफाइ के जख्म को 

तेरी वफाइ के मरहम में घुल जाने दे......

Ramiz...

Actually it is very easy to understand this Ghazal but one can find such over exaggeration fron the poet in such lines like रेत भरा दिल का समंदर, how heart can be a full of sand.

कहीं पे निगाहें कहीं पे निशाना (make satire or do taunt on something or someone by saying it through other context)

Richards talk about a element of Tenor which means that sometime such poems or poetic lines seem very simple and understandable, but according to I.A.Richards there are such creations which seem simple but has a deeper meaning, and to find that deeper meaning one has to open the tenor of that lines.(which could be difficult sometime)

Here are some example given below which are look simple but justifies something else.

(1)

अभी गनीमत है सब्र मेरा,
 
  अभी लबालब भरा नही हूँ ....
  

वो मुझको मुर्दा समझ रहा है,

     उसे कहो..... मैं मरा नही हूँ .....

वो कह रहे हैं कुछ दिनों में,

मिटा कर रख दूँगा नस्ल तेरी…

है उसकी आदत डरा रहा है,

     है मेरी फितरत, डरा नहीं हूँ…!!

Dr. Rahat Indori...

                                      What one would find on the first reading of this Ghazal. One would find that one person is warn to other that don't take him lightely he is stil alive and has the power to counter attack. We can interpreat this Ghazal in many ways for instance chalange to the God from human or chalange to the opponant country in the form of reaction, or it can also take as the reaction of a persom who has been a victim of someone.

(2) 

अगर ख़िलाफ़ हैं होने दो जान थोड़ी है

ये सब धुआँ है कोई आसमान थोड़ी है

लगेगी आग तो आएँगे घर कई ज़द में

यहाँ पे सिर्फ़ हमारा मकान थोड़ी है

मैं जानता हूँ के दुश्मन भी कम नहीं लेकिन

हमारी तरहा हथेली पे जान थोड़ी है

हमारे मुँह से जो निकले वही सदाक़त है

हमारे मुँह में तुम्हारी ज़ुबान थोड़ी है

जो आज साहिबे मसनद हैं कल नहीं होंगे

किराएदार हैं ज़ाती मकान थोड़ी है

सभी का ख़ून है शामिल यहाँ की मिट्टी में

किसी के बाप का हिन्दोस्तान थोड़ी है

Dr. Rahat Indori

                            

                            Now, once again on the first reading of this Ghazal one can not understand the deep meaning of this. If the last line derive from the Ghazal or if it would be represent anonymously one can't say for whose justice it has been written.

                             I think Rahat Indori has written this Ghazal for the particular community, who feels insecure in India (may be Muslim community) when some political leaders from different parties start to threaten them by give such kind of statements on media and on the platform of social medias. We can say that this is reaction to the action of that political leaders or (may be direct to the prime minister, Narendra Modi), but this is the sense of this poet that we can not prove what he actually wants to say or on whome he wants to taunt.

(3)

जुबा तो खोल, नज़र तो मिला,जवाब तो दे

में कितनी बार लुटा हु, मुझे हिसाब तो दे

तेरे बदन की लिखावट में हैं उतार चढाव

में तुझको कैसे पढूंगा, मुझे किताब तो दे

Dr.Rahat Indori

This is also a shayari in which it is seem that one beloved complaint about him/her failure to understand the nature of his/her.

But the actual meaning of this sher is that a person faced many difficulties and become failed many times in his/her life complaining to the Ggod and says that how can I understand the nature of you if you do not give me the strength/good luck to be successful, because as we all know unsuccessful people always believe God as a responsible element begind their failure, often it is seen that failed people have much more believe and faith in the spirit of God. 

                               So, both the things can be found in this shayari, first sher indicate a kind of complaint of human to the god and suddenly in second sher a kind of faithfulness but still complaint can be found.

(4)

तन्हाइ भी तन्हाइ में रोने लगी है,

तेरे खयालो से बेचेनी सी होने लगी है,

क्यां बेवफा किस्मत पाइ है मैने,

अब तो ये भी जाग जाग के सोने लगी है.

Ramiz...

The first two lines may be understand as a kind of relationship berween beloved and lover but now this relation has been broken and he/she does not want to think about him/her, because they become frustrate just by thought of him/her.

Then other sher is about the fate of human. Poet curse to his fate because his lover batrayed him.

But, this is not about the beloved and lover but it is written for the youth of India which youth striving hard to get the government job. But after lot of hardwork, somehow they become fail to get the job just because of few marks.

So, poet here says that now the youth of India has been tired by giving the compititive examination again again and become tire by being fail. Poet curse to fate by saying that fate is playiing to him because he passes the examination but still can not able to put his name inti the merit list and could not get the job that's why (किस्मत तो जागे के चलो पास हो गये, मगर मेरिट में ना आ पाए इस लिये लिखा गया है कि ये भि जाग जाग के सोने लगी).

 

   

Meaning of Song " मेरे रश्क ए कमर"

                       "मेरे रश्क-ए-कमर"
We have heard this song many times as it has taken recently in Badshaho (Bollywood) movie with some edited lines. It's not a new song it was already written and sung forty years back in 1987. This Ghazal was written by 'फना बूलंदशहेरी' and originally sung by a lagendery qawwal 'Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan' (uncle to 'Rahat Fateh Ali Khan').

I have attempted to explain this song with the help of easy Urdu and Hindi.

"मेरे रश्क-ए-क़मर तू ने पहली नज़र
जब नज़र से मिलाई मज़ा आ गया"

गझल में लिखा गया "रश्क-ए-कमर" लफ्झ सुनने में जितना अच्छा लगता है, उसका मतलब भी उतना ही खूबसूरत है. रश्क यानी ईर्ष्या (Jealousy) और  कमर का मतलब होता है चांद
रश्क-ए-कमर - चांद को भी जिसकी ईर्ष्या हो जाए एसी खूबसूरत औरत.

"बर्क सी गिर गयी काम ही कर गयी
आग ऐसी लगायी मज़ा आ गया"

"नजर" पर हर जुबान के कवि की नजर रही है, क्योंकी कविओ के मुताबिक पहेली नजर की महोब्बत पूरी जिन्दगी आपके दिल में खुशनुमा खुश्बू बन कर बिखरती रहेती है और आपके वजूद को मुसल्सल (Continuously) महेकाती रहेती है.

यहां "बर्क" का मतलब है बिजली, यहां पहेली "नजर" को बिजली की उपमा दी गइ है और कहा गया है की पहेली नजर एसी मिली के जैसे बिजली सी गीर गइ, जीस बिजली ने आग सी लगाइ, और आग भी एसी लगाइ के बस मजा आ गया.

"जाम में घौल कर हुस्न की मस्तियाँ 

चांदनी मुस्कुराई मज़ा आ गया

चाँद के साए में ऐ मेरे साकिया 

तू ने ऐसी पिलाई मज़ा आ गया "

हुस्न की खूबसूरती नस नस में इस तरह से घुल गइ के चांद की चांदनी भी मुस्कुरा रही है. चांद के साए में हसिना (दिलरूबा-lover) ने एसा जाम पिलाया के बस मजा आ गया.

"वो बे हिजबाना वो सामने आ गए 

और जवानी जवानी से टकरा गयी 

आँख उनकी लड़ी यूँ मेरी आँख से 

देख कर ये लड़ाई मज़ा आ गया "

बे-हिजबाना मतलब बे-परदा(बगैर परदे के - Unveiled)

कभी कभार (Seldom) मिलती नजरे जब परदे के बगैर सामने आ जाए तो जवानी की महेफील में जशन सा माहोल छा जाए. बस ये बे परदा आंखो की एक दुसरे से लडाइ देखके मजा आ गया.

"आँख में  थी हया हर मुलाक़ात पर 

सुर्ख आरिज़ हुए वसल की बात पर 

उसने शर्मा के मेरे सवालात पे 

ऐसे गर्दन झुकाई मज़ा आ गया"

हया (शरमाना) हर औरत का हक है, हर औरत का गहेना और शृंगार है. हर मुलाकात पे शरमाती महेबूबा के गाल मुलाकात के नाम से ही लाल हो गए. शायारना सवालात पर खामोश खडी महेबूबा को गर्दन जूंकाए हुए देख के बस मजा आ गया.

"ऐ ‘फ़ना’ शुकर है आज बाद-ए-फ़ना

उसने रख ली मेरे प्यार की आबरू 

अपने हाथों से उसने मेरी क़बर पर 

चादर-ए-गुल चढ़ाई मज़ा आ गया "

यहां शायर 'फना बूलंदशहेरी' अपने तखल्लुस 'फना' का इस्तेमाल करते हुए लिखते है के मौत के बाद भी उस (महेबूबा) ने मेरी इज्जत रख ली. भले ही जिन्दगी में उस (महेबूबा) के हाथो से छूए हुए फूल उसे नसीब ना हो सके, पर मरने के बाद जब वो (महेबूबा) अपने हाथो से मेरी कब्र पर फूल चढा के गइ तब भी बस मजा आ गया.

Thinking activity on T.S Eliot's Tradition and Individual Talent.

(1) How would you like to explain Eliot's concept of Tradition? Do you agree with it?

• Yes, I completely agree with T.S Eliot's concept of Tradition. Eliot says in his essay that the tradition is not just the history of any writer's work but it is something special for Eliot and believes that every poet and writer must contribute his/her individual talent to the tradition, because past is not just past but it has influence on the preset time. Eliot wants the writer to put the tradition into their work but differently.

(2) What do you understand by Historical Sense? (Use these quotes to explain your understanding)

• "The historical sense involves a perception, not only of the pastness of the present but of its presence"

• This quote suggest that the past is not just past, this past is mingled to the present. It is like present perfect continuous tense that means tradition has started which effect or influence is still existed in the present time works.

• "This historical sense, which is a sense of the timeless as well as of the temporal and of the timeless and of the temporal together, is what makes a writer traditional"

• It means the modern poet has to use the traditional concept in their work, by this way a writer can be the traditional writer. And work also will seem modern as well as faithful to the tradition

(3) What is the relationship between “tradition” and “the individual talent,” according to the poet T. S. Eliot?

• In his essay the relationship of Tradition and Individual Talent is a kind of relationship between tradition and Individual Talent is like a relationship between the modern psychology with the principals of psychology given by the Sigmund Freud. For understanding the psychology or to give some ideas and principal in the field of psychology one has to read psychology of Sigmund Freud. Exactly in literature, according to T.S.Eliot our 'Individual Talent' must walk together with the 'tradition' on the path of creative writing.

(4) Explain: "Some can absorb knowledge, the more tardy must sweat for it. Shakespeare acquired more essential history from Plutarch than most men could from the whole British Museum".

• According to T.S Eliot, a poet or a reader must be well read but what to do of those who are exceptional and yet have a very high poetic seriousness like Shakespeare. That's why Eliot put that quote in his essay because he knew that critic will definitely ask about Shakespeare's high poetic seriousness on attempting the criticism on his essay 'Tradition and Individual Talent' 

In this quote Eliot justifies the exceptional Shakespeare by saying that Shakespeare has a historical sense, he grasps the whole knowledge of the history, and not just history of his age but the whole, that's why Shakespeare is the greatest writer with high poetic justification in his works despite the fact that he was not much learned man. So, in this quote, according to T.S Eliot, the historical sense is the cause of Shakespeare's greatness.

(5) Explain: "Honest criticism and sensitive appreciation is directed not upon the poet but upon the poetry"

• It means, if any critic is going to criticize any poet or writer's work then a critic must be free from all personal as well as historical prejudices. He must judge poet's poetry rather poet, it doesn't matter what poet's historical background or what type of person he but he should look at the quality of poetry and how effectively or ineffectively it is influencing the socity and the humenkind.

(6) How would you like to explain Eliot's theory of ddepersonalization? You can explain with the help of chemical reaction in presence of catalyst agent, Platinum.

• Eliot says that whenever poet write something or try to create a piece of creative writing, he should not just use his imagination, poetic seriousness but also use the feelings, emotions, pain of suffering which has been suffered by him/her during his/her life. But the these pain and agony must no seen or appeared in his or her work, like the process of sulfuric acid in which platinum is used as a medium to produce the sulfuric acid, exactly the pain and greaf for life or by life should used just as a medium to create a peace of creative writing.

(7) Explain: " Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality."

• This quote says that poet should keep his/her feelings and emotions away from his/her work.no personal prejudices should come into you work.

(8) Write two points on which one can write critique on 'T.S. Eliot as a critic'.

• I think, 

(1) The idea of historical sense.

(2)  The theory of depersonalization.

this two points of T.S Eliot's essay 'Tradition and Individual Talent' can be the subject of critique for any critic.

आजाद कैदी

મેં થોડુ લખવાની કોશિશ કરી છે,

મારા વિચારોને કાગળ પર બાંધવાની સાઝિશ કરી છે,
મેં લખ્યું છે એ સમાજ વિશે જેણે
હસતી આંખો પર રિવાજો ની બંદિશ કરી છે.

                         आजाद कैदी
मेरी नजरो में हिंदुस्तान की हर औरत गुलाम है.

गुलाम है, कही ना कही अपने मझहब की,
कही मझहबी रीत-ओ-रिवाझ की

गुलाम है अपने उस समाज की
जिसके वजूद का कोइ अता पता नही
कत्ल करता रहा है, इन्सानो के जझबातों का
फिर मझहब की आड में आकर कहेता है
इसमें मेरी कोइ खता ही नही.

गुलाम है कही ना कही अपनो की,
तो कही अपने आप की,
यहीं दास्तान है यहा हर औरत के जझबात की.

जब भी कोइ लडकी को आजाद खयालो का गहेना पहेने हुए पाता हुं,
थोडी कश्मकश सी होती, तो थोडा सहेम सा जाता हुं
थोडी सी उलजने और बहोत सारी हमदर्दी लेकर,
अपने आप से एक ही सवाल पूछता जाता हुं

क्यां ये मासूम सी मुसकान,
आंखो से छलकता वो आजाद होने का खुमार
हदो को पार कर कुछ कर दिखाने की ख्वाहिशे बेशुमार,
क्यां ये सब खयालात जिंदा रहेंगे,
पिया के घर जाने के बाद
क्या ये खुमारी का आफताब निकल पाएगा,
एक बार ढल जाने के बाद
या फिर ये हौसला महज एक बर्फ का बना महल है,
जो पिघल जाएगा, रिवाजो के पानी में फिसल जाने के बाद.

शायद यहां लडकी के जझबातों का कोइ मायना नही.
ना कोइ सुनने वाला है इनकी दास्तान को,
ना इनके दर्द को समजने वाला कोइ,
जो इनके हौसलो को बढावा दे,
जो इनके अरमानो को सवांर दे एसा कोइ आइना ही नही.

यहां तो बस सदियों से जारी हुआ एक फरमान है,
ना चाहते हुए भी,
बेटी तो बस दो दिन की महेमान है.

पसंद नापसंद देखी नही जाती यहां पर.
अठ्ठराह की हो गइ तो राह देखी नही जाती जहां पर.

किस्मत तय है के पिया के घर जाना है,
अपने अरमानो को अग्नि के कूंड में ही जलाना है,
अब में क्यां चाहती हुं देखा नही जाएगा,
अब तो बस शोहर के अरमानो को ही सजाना है,
वो जो भी बोले वो कर दिखाना है,
जहां बचपन की कुछ यादे सजाइ थी
वो जगह को छोड,
यही जीना, यही मर जाना है.

ये कोइ ऐतराझ नही है मेरा इस समाज से,
बस कुछ शिकायते है, इस रिवाझ से
कुछ इनायते है अपने आप से
रिवाझो के कफन में लिपटी, मेरी कुछ हसरते है,
जो कभी पूरी ना हूइ, वो कुछ इबादते है,
मेरे मन ही मन में खो चुकी, कुछ शरारते है,
लोगो की नजरो के सामने होकर भी,
दिखाइ ना देने वाली कुछ हकिकते है.......

Here, I have tried to put my thoughts in such poetic lines.
these lines expressed the situation of women in India, who are seem free but somehow, somewhere confined in the rituals.

Coleridge's Thinking activity

“A poem of any length neither can be, nor ought to be, all poetry”. 

Difference between prose and poem is as follow:

(1). Prose and poem both are most probably same but presentation of both are not same. The difference is between the combination of those elements and objects aimed at the poem and Prose. Coleridge make use of certain artificial arrangement of words with the help of metre. As a result composition will be a poem, merely because it is distinguished from composition in Prose by metre, or by rhyme. Poem have musical construction whereas prose is flat forward like news papers, magazine, fiction etc. So here we can say that prose has simple language and subject and it's aimed to be strict to the truth whereas poem's aimed to give pleasure.

(2) Coleridge considers to distinguish poem from poetry Coleridge points out that "poetry of the highest kind may exist without the contra distinguishing object of a poem " Poem is a form of poetry. Poetry means to create or to make. Poetry is the art of creating a poem. Poetry is something going on in the poet’s mind; how to create a poem using language, metre etc. with his imagination.

>Example of prose:

(3)When you set out to tell a story in prose, it’s called a novel or short story and essay which you familiar with it very well (depending on length). Stories can also be told through verse, but it’s less common nowadays. Books like Harry Potter and mobydick are written in prose.

Thinking activity on Aristotle's Poetics

1) I dont agree with platos obsection to fredom of expretion of liberty .According to plato bellive literature shoud splended .Beacause of media use fredom of expretion in news.

2)
I have studid many tragedy in B.A programme in which Ghashiram kotawal ,we have see hamartia and concept of tragedy also .Ghashiram was main protogonist and tragic hero.

3)I have studied many tragedy in B.A programme,Othello is wriiten by shakspeare in this tragedy do not follow the aristotelian litarary tradition

4)Yes i have studied othello during B.A programme , othello is main protogonist in the tragedy his hamartia was the character of othello some time many activity working without acthion.

5)Yes most probebly tragedy follow aristotle's rules for example,"Oedipus","tuglaq".

Thinking activity: pehredar Piya Ki.

I think this serial is completely regressive because marriage can not be possible between nine years old Ratan and Diya who is almost teenager. It should be banned from both the point of view, from the perspective of child marriage and from the social concern, because it favours child marriage just for protect someone(trivia reason), and after all the televisions are the mirror to the society, what television serial and movie shows to the audience they adopt. So, it can produce a kind of bad image or influence on the mind of children and on the youth of India that's it should be banned.

Thinking activity on dryden's dramatic poesy.

1) Do you any difference between Aristotle's definition of Tragedy and Dryden's definition of Play?
Ans: yes, there is huge difference between Aristotle's definition of tragedy and Dryden's definition of play.
According to Aristotle a play or a tragedy  must be an imitation of person's serious side and an imitation of the aspects of life. But according to Dryden a play must be just and lively image of human natture.
2) If you are supposed to give your personal predilection, would you be on the side of the Ancient or the Modern? Please give reasons.

I would go towards moderns because ancients always cling towards their former rules and regulation of drama they strictly follow every unity and rules made by ancients. on the other side modern dramatist always tries to do something new in their way of writing, and tries to mingle the stories of ancients and their own ideas and ideology which gives pleasure to the audience and after all only the audience are the factor which one dramatist always wanted.
3) Do you think that the arguments presented in favour of the French plays and against English plays are appropriate? (Say for example, Death should not be performed as it is neither 'just' not 'liely' image, displaying duel fight with blunted swords, thousands of soldiers marching represented as five on stage, mingling of mirth and serious, multiple plots etc.)

Actually, we can not judge either French plays or English Drama because both having their own charm and specialty in particular fields.  Now the question is about showing some type of scene on stage, I think it is all right to show death scene or love scene on stage, duel fight with blunted swords these all things are normal to show because audiance knows that they are watching play not reality so there is no harm to show these things. Now mingling of mirth and serious or too many sub plots, that is the choice of writer, and tragi-comedy it is good invention or too many sub plots are also acceptable they somehow make play iteresting. So the arguments which are presented against English drama and in favour of french drama is unappropriate.

4) What would be your preference so far as poetic or prosaic dialogues are concerned in the play? 

I think both are equally important and mostly doesn't matter it is prosaic or poetic only matters is meaning or the depth of the dialogue. Well rhymed and meteric poetic lines if don't have depth of meaning than that rhymed lines are worthless. So baisically it doesn't matter the dialogues are in prosaic lines or poetic lines the deep understandig which dialogue gives that is important and every dialogue may be don't need to give deep meaings then even it is upon writers choice in which he wants to write.

Question answer in Robinson Crusoe novel

I have given task by my teacher to answer some question on novel and movie Robinson Crusoe here I give link of that task.
http://poojabajadeja.blogspot.in/2017/08/worksheet.html

Introduction

Robinson crusoe is 18th century novel by daniel defoe. It was published in 1719. It is an adventure story of character Robinsn crusoe. The real life adventure of Alexander selkirk who was a scottish privatees and royal navy officer who spent more than four years as a casteway after being marooned by his captain on an uninhabited island in the south pacific ocean. This real life adventure formed the basis of daniel defoe's novel Robinson crusoe.

1) Colonial discourse in Robinson crusoe

This novel is full of slavery system or colonialism which is very dark side of history and we never want it to heppen again but in this novel we can see it clearly.
According to wikipedia "Colonialism occurs when a country or a nation, or territories outside of its border(boundaries of the country) by turning those other lands, regions or territories in to a colony, usually it is a more powerful, richer country that takes control of a smaller, less powerful region or territory.

In this novel the first event of slavery or colonisation we can see when crusoe is travelling moorish pirates atteck on ship and enslaved crusoe and others after some period of time crusoe and one boy named xury escaped from the trap of moorish pirates and picked up by portugese captain, though crusoe feel the slavery then even he sold that boy named xury to make himself free. In Brazil he started his business and again he go for buy slaves and there is shipwrecked and he landed on humanless island and starting feel himself as king of that island. He is all alone there and in aloofness all we want is someone with we can talk normaly and on that humanless island he saved one boy who is prey of cannibals and make him slave rather then friend, the first thing he do is naming that boy as Friday which shows his power as master and he called Friday "my man Friday". After coming back home again he once again go to visit that humanless island and he used the word "my land". From all this elements we can clearly see the colonial discourse in this novel.

2) How colonialism works in our life? (In contemporary time/ of our surrounding, give examples)

It is true that now we are free and we love our feeling of freedom but are you seriously free or stil ruled by britishers? I say that we are stil ruled by western countries. How? Let me show you. Can you do one thing for me... Imagine a very beautiful or handsome person front of you and you are talking with him or her and praising his or her beauty....
What is in your imagination? Let me guess a very handsome or beautiful person who has white skin. Am I right? Well I can say yes because most of us think that beauty means white we can not think beauty in black. This is what shows that we are stil colonised. We are living in india and as dilip sir says that our god Krishna is black our godess Kali Ma is black we worship black, black is accept in our society and this is what our culture then even most of people craving for whiteness. Why? You are not able to see your self beautiful in real or natural skin color that you got. This is the reasons all buys fairness creams. This is the effect of colonisation which is not physicaly now but it is mentaly. Our mind is ruled by western ideas. This is how colonialism works in our life.

3) Do you think that movie is different than original novel? Write about some changes done in the movie.

Yes, movie is different than novel in many ways..
• The movie is only focused on one voyage while in novel before landing on humanless island Crusoe also does voyage to London and Brazil.
• In movie Crusoe has Dog as pet while in original novel Crusoe has Perrot and Goat as pet.
• In movie Friday is not slave while in novel we can see the totle submission of Friday.
• In movie Friday has his own voice when Crusoe shows the power of gun Friday did not afraid and he also show his power with wood while in novel when Crusoe shows power of gun Friday starts worshiping gun and Crusoe.
• In movie when Crusoe talks about religion Friday also talk about his God and riligion and did not accept Christianity as superior then his riligion while in novel Friday starts belive that his religion is inferior and starts beliveing in Christianity.
• In movie the relation between Crusoe and Friday is of friends while in novel Crusoe is master and Friday is slave.
• In movie Crusoe needs Friday that is the reason Crusoe goes to say sorry to Friday while in novel Friday needs Crusoe he apologise.
• In movie there is one image of Crusoe's wife while in novel there is no discription of love for his wife.

This all the way where movie is quite different then the original novel.

4) Do you think, movie is describing anti-colonial elements? Can you describe reason?

Yes movie is describing anti-colonial elements like there is no master-slave relationship. From the very first meeting of Cruso and Friday, Crusoe request to become friends they both are friends not master and slave. In novel Friday is totally submited to Crusoe but in movie Friday has his own voise he argues and he questions also. In movie Crusoe never think himself as king of that humanless island and he also feel bad about slavery system when Friday talk about it and he also cries a lot on the death of Friday which shows his feelings for Friday. The reason can be the change of time that movie is showing anti-colonial elements. The original novel is written in 1719 while the movie is in 1997 and changing of time is reason that movie shows anti-colonial elements.

Social Hirearchy in Gulliver's Travels nove

Social hierarchy in gulliver's travels

                Gulliver's travels is written by jonathan swift.it is prose satire on human nature and political situation jonathan swift by putting gulliver in dofferent place and society, he satirised deeply the human nature.

Let's first see the definition of hierarchy.....

1) A graded or ranked series.

2) The classification of a group of people according to ability or to economic, social or professional standing.

                      Here we only focus on social hierarchy that gulliver wants to reach. It is not only about earning more money if he want only that he can be robber that is easy way then to go on voyages but with money he also want reputation or respect in society thatis the reason why gulliver decides to go on voyages.

                      He also says that his father has small estate that shows that gulliver belongs to middle class family he also not able to attend university he just complete his collage in emanuel college while in 18th century england was a place in which education was a key to certain position in society. He says that he want positin i society and for that he want money and this is the reason he decides to go on voyages.

                      In his first voyage to lilliput, when he arrives in lilliput he was a prisnor but because of his size, he is usefull to the king he also starts learning lilliputian language to converse with them and also starts taking parts in their social customs like rope dance or stick dance. He want some special place in lilliputian society and king himself given him a title after he won the war and his possition become higher then the treasurer filmnap and he make him to leave the lilliput. He also want his reputation stainless he argues on false rumours of gulliver's afair with higher rank lilliputian lady. So in this first voyage he achieve social hierarchy by won the war against blefusku.

                       After returning from lilliput he has some money and also good house that shows he is moving towards upper class from middle class. Hs son is going to school now and his daughter is on needlework. After stay at home for some time he again ready for new voyage and he also says that he does voyage for improving his future. Here we can see that he only does voyages for making money he has no intention to get knowledge about new world or land.

                      On his second voyage he reach to brobdingnag. At here he is like jester. The situation is reversed when he is in lilliput he has power but in this land of giant he is like unnoticable for them. Here again he starts learning new language to communicate with queen. This is his first step to live in palace rather then with farmer. He also feel great when he make farmer's daughter in palace as his caretaker he feels that it is better to live in palace as servent rather then in small house. He feel power and possition when he hasmany servents around him to take care of him. In this voyage also he managed to reach social hierarchy as he works for farmer and then by his language he make his place in royal palace.

                      He returns england more by accident than by choise. When he reaches home one servent open door for him now they have one servent also this again shows that he kee trying to make his level up in society.

                     In third voyage to laputa where he met people who is same as his size but they all are busy in finding or thinking on some stupid questions and they don't notice that gulliver can learn language very quick and they don't value gulliver's knowledge and skills. So here he fails to reach social hierarchy. Soon he leave that place and then at lagado where he also can't find place for him in their grand academy. He returns home and stay for five months with his wife and children happily.

                   In his fourth and last voyage he reaches to the land of houyhnhnmns who are rational horses and there is yahoos also who are describe as savage humans. Again here gulliver try to learn language and start understanding common rules of houyhnhnmns society. Here he also try to convince houyhnhnmns that he is not yahoo and he use cloths to hide his body which is look like yahoo. This is also his attempt to achieve social hierarchy as he afraid to be in lowest possition of houyhnhnmns society.

                   At last he says that he is rational yahoo and told houyhnhnmns about his country houyhnhnmns don't understand the concept of cloths. In this society of horse gulliver also observe the real nature of humans and now he starts hating the human society now he don't want to make his possiton up in society he also want to live with this horses but they don't allow now gulliver returns home and now he don't care about his social status and he now live away from humans and starts live and talk with horses.

                  So, here we can conclude that he starts his journey or voyage with the intention of being up in society but he ends his journey with living away from society.

About Dr Faustus (a play)

bout play writer Christopher Marlowe. (from spark notes.com)

Christopher Marlowe Born in Canterbury in 1564, the same year as William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe was an actor, poet, and playwright during the reign of Britain’s Queen Elizabeth I (ruled 1558–1603). Marlowe attended Corpus Christi College at Cambridge University and received degrees in 1584 and 1587. Traditionally, the education that he received would have prepared him to become a clergyman, but Marlowe chose not to join the ministry. For a time, Cambridge even wanted to withhold his degree, apparently suspecting him of having converted to Catholicism, a forbidden faith in late-sixteenth-century England, where Protestantism was the state-supported religion. Queen Elizabeth’s Privy Council intervened on his behalf, saying that Marlowe had “done her majesty good service” in “matters touching the benefit of the country.” This odd sequence of events has led some to theorize that Marlowe worked as a spy for the crown, possibly by infiltrating Catholic communities in France.

After leaving Cambridge, Marlowe moved to London, where he became a playwright and led a turbulent, scandal-plagued life. He produced seven plays, all of which were immensely popular. Among the most well known of his plays are Tamburlaine, The Jew of Malta, andDoctor Faustus.
http://m.sparknotes.com/lit/doctorfaustus/context.html

*The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, commonly referred to simply as Doctor Faustus, is an Elizabethan tragedyby Christopher Marlowe, based on German stories about the title character Faust, that was first performed sometime between 1588 and Marlowe's death in 1593. Two different versions of the play were published in theJacobean era, several years later.[1](Wikipedia) 

Task on Doctor Faustus. Here is my answers.

1) The play directed by Matthew Dunster for Globe theatre ends with this scene (see the image of Lucifer). What does it signify?

1-When Dr. Faustus repenting from the depth of his heart...we can say that the tragedy of life is in what dies inside a man while he lives it means at the end of play Dr. Faustus realized that he chose a wrong path and at the end by his grief he indirectly dies inside and because of that fall of Dr. Faustus, Lucifer feel his great tripumphal against him. Thus,here the last scene of Lucifer signifies his great triumphal

.

2) Is God present in the play? If yes, where and how? If No, why?

2-yes there is god in the play. 'We only need the light when it is burning low & we only miss the sun when it starts to snow. 'The same way here Dr. Faustus didn't need any God or heavenly power because he has a power of his knowledge and slowly he fall and in last scene of play when Dr. Faustus repeanting there we can prove that there is indirectly god is present in the play in the mind of Dr. Faustus...

3) What reading and interpretation can be given to this image (see the image of Daedalus and Icarus) with reference to central theme of the play Dr. Faustus?

3-Greek myth of Icarus,a son whose father Daeduls give wings to him.wings which is Made by besswex but Icarus forget that truth ND flew closer and closer to the sun and cause of it his wings melt and he fall down on earth and died. Similarly here Dr Faustus d

Fall down from his higher position of knowledge.Lust for knowledge is good at Some level but cross the limitations it is bad... Thus we can say that this image of falling of Icarus shows the central theme of same falling of Dr. Faustus .