Coleridge's Thinking activity

“A poem of any length neither can be, nor ought to be, all poetry”. 

Difference between prose and poem is as follow:

(1). Prose and poem both are most probably same but presentation of both are not same. The difference is between the combination of those elements and objects aimed at the poem and Prose. Coleridge make use of certain artificial arrangement of words with the help of metre. As a result composition will be a poem, merely because it is distinguished from composition in Prose by metre, or by rhyme. Poem have musical construction whereas prose is flat forward like news papers, magazine, fiction etc. So here we can say that prose has simple language and subject and it's aimed to be strict to the truth whereas poem's aimed to give pleasure.

(2) Coleridge considers to distinguish poem from poetry Coleridge points out that "poetry of the highest kind may exist without the contra distinguishing object of a poem " Poem is a form of poetry. Poetry means to create or to make. Poetry is the art of creating a poem. Poetry is something going on in the poet’s mind; how to create a poem using language, metre etc. with his imagination.

>Example of prose:

(3)When you set out to tell a story in prose, it’s called a novel or short story and essay which you familiar with it very well (depending on length). Stories can also be told through verse, but it’s less common nowadays. Books like Harry Potter and mobydick are written in prose.

Thinking activity on Aristotle's Poetics

1) I dont agree with platos obsection to fredom of expretion of liberty .According to plato bellive literature shoud splended .Beacause of media use fredom of expretion in news.

2)
I have studid many tragedy in B.A programme in which Ghashiram kotawal ,we have see hamartia and concept of tragedy also .Ghashiram was main protogonist and tragic hero.

3)I have studied many tragedy in B.A programme,Othello is wriiten by shakspeare in this tragedy do not follow the aristotelian litarary tradition

4)Yes i have studied othello during B.A programme , othello is main protogonist in the tragedy his hamartia was the character of othello some time many activity working without acthion.

5)Yes most probebly tragedy follow aristotle's rules for example,"Oedipus","tuglaq".

Thinking activity: pehredar Piya Ki.

I think this serial is completely regressive because marriage can not be possible between nine years old Ratan and Diya who is almost teenager. It should be banned from both the point of view, from the perspective of child marriage and from the social concern, because it favours child marriage just for protect someone(trivia reason), and after all the televisions are the mirror to the society, what television serial and movie shows to the audience they adopt. So, it can produce a kind of bad image or influence on the mind of children and on the youth of India that's it should be banned.

Thinking activity on dryden's dramatic poesy.

1) Do you any difference between Aristotle's definition of Tragedy and Dryden's definition of Play?
Ans: yes, there is huge difference between Aristotle's definition of tragedy and Dryden's definition of play.
According to Aristotle a play or a tragedy  must be an imitation of person's serious side and an imitation of the aspects of life. But according to Dryden a play must be just and lively image of human natture.
2) If you are supposed to give your personal predilection, would you be on the side of the Ancient or the Modern? Please give reasons.

I would go towards moderns because ancients always cling towards their former rules and regulation of drama they strictly follow every unity and rules made by ancients. on the other side modern dramatist always tries to do something new in their way of writing, and tries to mingle the stories of ancients and their own ideas and ideology which gives pleasure to the audience and after all only the audience are the factor which one dramatist always wanted.
3) Do you think that the arguments presented in favour of the French plays and against English plays are appropriate? (Say for example, Death should not be performed as it is neither 'just' not 'liely' image, displaying duel fight with blunted swords, thousands of soldiers marching represented as five on stage, mingling of mirth and serious, multiple plots etc.)

Actually, we can not judge either French plays or English Drama because both having their own charm and specialty in particular fields.  Now the question is about showing some type of scene on stage, I think it is all right to show death scene or love scene on stage, duel fight with blunted swords these all things are normal to show because audiance knows that they are watching play not reality so there is no harm to show these things. Now mingling of mirth and serious or too many sub plots, that is the choice of writer, and tragi-comedy it is good invention or too many sub plots are also acceptable they somehow make play iteresting. So the arguments which are presented against English drama and in favour of french drama is unappropriate.

4) What would be your preference so far as poetic or prosaic dialogues are concerned in the play? 

I think both are equally important and mostly doesn't matter it is prosaic or poetic only matters is meaning or the depth of the dialogue. Well rhymed and meteric poetic lines if don't have depth of meaning than that rhymed lines are worthless. So baisically it doesn't matter the dialogues are in prosaic lines or poetic lines the deep understandig which dialogue gives that is important and every dialogue may be don't need to give deep meaings then even it is upon writers choice in which he wants to write.

Question answer in Robinson Crusoe novel

I have given task by my teacher to answer some question on novel and movie Robinson Crusoe here I give link of that task.
http://poojabajadeja.blogspot.in/2017/08/worksheet.html

Introduction

Robinson crusoe is 18th century novel by daniel defoe. It was published in 1719. It is an adventure story of character Robinsn crusoe. The real life adventure of Alexander selkirk who was a scottish privatees and royal navy officer who spent more than four years as a casteway after being marooned by his captain on an uninhabited island in the south pacific ocean. This real life adventure formed the basis of daniel defoe's novel Robinson crusoe.

1) Colonial discourse in Robinson crusoe

This novel is full of slavery system or colonialism which is very dark side of history and we never want it to heppen again but in this novel we can see it clearly.
According to wikipedia "Colonialism occurs when a country or a nation, or territories outside of its border(boundaries of the country) by turning those other lands, regions or territories in to a colony, usually it is a more powerful, richer country that takes control of a smaller, less powerful region or territory.

In this novel the first event of slavery or colonisation we can see when crusoe is travelling moorish pirates atteck on ship and enslaved crusoe and others after some period of time crusoe and one boy named xury escaped from the trap of moorish pirates and picked up by portugese captain, though crusoe feel the slavery then even he sold that boy named xury to make himself free. In Brazil he started his business and again he go for buy slaves and there is shipwrecked and he landed on humanless island and starting feel himself as king of that island. He is all alone there and in aloofness all we want is someone with we can talk normaly and on that humanless island he saved one boy who is prey of cannibals and make him slave rather then friend, the first thing he do is naming that boy as Friday which shows his power as master and he called Friday "my man Friday". After coming back home again he once again go to visit that humanless island and he used the word "my land". From all this elements we can clearly see the colonial discourse in this novel.

2) How colonialism works in our life? (In contemporary time/ of our surrounding, give examples)

It is true that now we are free and we love our feeling of freedom but are you seriously free or stil ruled by britishers? I say that we are stil ruled by western countries. How? Let me show you. Can you do one thing for me... Imagine a very beautiful or handsome person front of you and you are talking with him or her and praising his or her beauty....
What is in your imagination? Let me guess a very handsome or beautiful person who has white skin. Am I right? Well I can say yes because most of us think that beauty means white we can not think beauty in black. This is what shows that we are stil colonised. We are living in india and as dilip sir says that our god Krishna is black our godess Kali Ma is black we worship black, black is accept in our society and this is what our culture then even most of people craving for whiteness. Why? You are not able to see your self beautiful in real or natural skin color that you got. This is the reasons all buys fairness creams. This is the effect of colonisation which is not physicaly now but it is mentaly. Our mind is ruled by western ideas. This is how colonialism works in our life.

3) Do you think that movie is different than original novel? Write about some changes done in the movie.

Yes, movie is different than novel in many ways..
• The movie is only focused on one voyage while in novel before landing on humanless island Crusoe also does voyage to London and Brazil.
• In movie Crusoe has Dog as pet while in original novel Crusoe has Perrot and Goat as pet.
• In movie Friday is not slave while in novel we can see the totle submission of Friday.
• In movie Friday has his own voice when Crusoe shows the power of gun Friday did not afraid and he also show his power with wood while in novel when Crusoe shows power of gun Friday starts worshiping gun and Crusoe.
• In movie when Crusoe talks about religion Friday also talk about his God and riligion and did not accept Christianity as superior then his riligion while in novel Friday starts belive that his religion is inferior and starts beliveing in Christianity.
• In movie the relation between Crusoe and Friday is of friends while in novel Crusoe is master and Friday is slave.
• In movie Crusoe needs Friday that is the reason Crusoe goes to say sorry to Friday while in novel Friday needs Crusoe he apologise.
• In movie there is one image of Crusoe's wife while in novel there is no discription of love for his wife.

This all the way where movie is quite different then the original novel.

4) Do you think, movie is describing anti-colonial elements? Can you describe reason?

Yes movie is describing anti-colonial elements like there is no master-slave relationship. From the very first meeting of Cruso and Friday, Crusoe request to become friends they both are friends not master and slave. In novel Friday is totally submited to Crusoe but in movie Friday has his own voise he argues and he questions also. In movie Crusoe never think himself as king of that humanless island and he also feel bad about slavery system when Friday talk about it and he also cries a lot on the death of Friday which shows his feelings for Friday. The reason can be the change of time that movie is showing anti-colonial elements. The original novel is written in 1719 while the movie is in 1997 and changing of time is reason that movie shows anti-colonial elements.

Social Hirearchy in Gulliver's Travels nove

Social hierarchy in gulliver's travels

                Gulliver's travels is written by jonathan swift.it is prose satire on human nature and political situation jonathan swift by putting gulliver in dofferent place and society, he satirised deeply the human nature.

Let's first see the definition of hierarchy.....

1) A graded or ranked series.

2) The classification of a group of people according to ability or to economic, social or professional standing.

                      Here we only focus on social hierarchy that gulliver wants to reach. It is not only about earning more money if he want only that he can be robber that is easy way then to go on voyages but with money he also want reputation or respect in society thatis the reason why gulliver decides to go on voyages.

                      He also says that his father has small estate that shows that gulliver belongs to middle class family he also not able to attend university he just complete his collage in emanuel college while in 18th century england was a place in which education was a key to certain position in society. He says that he want positin i society and for that he want money and this is the reason he decides to go on voyages.

                      In his first voyage to lilliput, when he arrives in lilliput he was a prisnor but because of his size, he is usefull to the king he also starts learning lilliputian language to converse with them and also starts taking parts in their social customs like rope dance or stick dance. He want some special place in lilliputian society and king himself given him a title after he won the war and his possition become higher then the treasurer filmnap and he make him to leave the lilliput. He also want his reputation stainless he argues on false rumours of gulliver's afair with higher rank lilliputian lady. So in this first voyage he achieve social hierarchy by won the war against blefusku.

                       After returning from lilliput he has some money and also good house that shows he is moving towards upper class from middle class. Hs son is going to school now and his daughter is on needlework. After stay at home for some time he again ready for new voyage and he also says that he does voyage for improving his future. Here we can see that he only does voyages for making money he has no intention to get knowledge about new world or land.

                      On his second voyage he reach to brobdingnag. At here he is like jester. The situation is reversed when he is in lilliput he has power but in this land of giant he is like unnoticable for them. Here again he starts learning new language to communicate with queen. This is his first step to live in palace rather then with farmer. He also feel great when he make farmer's daughter in palace as his caretaker he feels that it is better to live in palace as servent rather then in small house. He feel power and possition when he hasmany servents around him to take care of him. In this voyage also he managed to reach social hierarchy as he works for farmer and then by his language he make his place in royal palace.

                      He returns england more by accident than by choise. When he reaches home one servent open door for him now they have one servent also this again shows that he kee trying to make his level up in society.

                     In third voyage to laputa where he met people who is same as his size but they all are busy in finding or thinking on some stupid questions and they don't notice that gulliver can learn language very quick and they don't value gulliver's knowledge and skills. So here he fails to reach social hierarchy. Soon he leave that place and then at lagado where he also can't find place for him in their grand academy. He returns home and stay for five months with his wife and children happily.

                   In his fourth and last voyage he reaches to the land of houyhnhnmns who are rational horses and there is yahoos also who are describe as savage humans. Again here gulliver try to learn language and start understanding common rules of houyhnhnmns society. Here he also try to convince houyhnhnmns that he is not yahoo and he use cloths to hide his body which is look like yahoo. This is also his attempt to achieve social hierarchy as he afraid to be in lowest possition of houyhnhnmns society.

                   At last he says that he is rational yahoo and told houyhnhnmns about his country houyhnhnmns don't understand the concept of cloths. In this society of horse gulliver also observe the real nature of humans and now he starts hating the human society now he don't want to make his possiton up in society he also want to live with this horses but they don't allow now gulliver returns home and now he don't care about his social status and he now live away from humans and starts live and talk with horses.

                  So, here we can conclude that he starts his journey or voyage with the intention of being up in society but he ends his journey with living away from society.

About Dr Faustus (a play)

bout play writer Christopher Marlowe. (from spark notes.com)

Christopher Marlowe Born in Canterbury in 1564, the same year as William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe was an actor, poet, and playwright during the reign of Britain’s Queen Elizabeth I (ruled 1558–1603). Marlowe attended Corpus Christi College at Cambridge University and received degrees in 1584 and 1587. Traditionally, the education that he received would have prepared him to become a clergyman, but Marlowe chose not to join the ministry. For a time, Cambridge even wanted to withhold his degree, apparently suspecting him of having converted to Catholicism, a forbidden faith in late-sixteenth-century England, where Protestantism was the state-supported religion. Queen Elizabeth’s Privy Council intervened on his behalf, saying that Marlowe had “done her majesty good service” in “matters touching the benefit of the country.” This odd sequence of events has led some to theorize that Marlowe worked as a spy for the crown, possibly by infiltrating Catholic communities in France.

After leaving Cambridge, Marlowe moved to London, where he became a playwright and led a turbulent, scandal-plagued life. He produced seven plays, all of which were immensely popular. Among the most well known of his plays are Tamburlaine, The Jew of Malta, andDoctor Faustus.
http://m.sparknotes.com/lit/doctorfaustus/context.html

*The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, commonly referred to simply as Doctor Faustus, is an Elizabethan tragedyby Christopher Marlowe, based on German stories about the title character Faust, that was first performed sometime between 1588 and Marlowe's death in 1593. Two different versions of the play were published in theJacobean era, several years later.[1](Wikipedia) 

Task on Doctor Faustus. Here is my answers.

1) The play directed by Matthew Dunster for Globe theatre ends with this scene (see the image of Lucifer). What does it signify?

1-When Dr. Faustus repenting from the depth of his heart...we can say that the tragedy of life is in what dies inside a man while he lives it means at the end of play Dr. Faustus realized that he chose a wrong path and at the end by his grief he indirectly dies inside and because of that fall of Dr. Faustus, Lucifer feel his great tripumphal against him. Thus,here the last scene of Lucifer signifies his great triumphal

.

2) Is God present in the play? If yes, where and how? If No, why?

2-yes there is god in the play. 'We only need the light when it is burning low & we only miss the sun when it starts to snow. 'The same way here Dr. Faustus didn't need any God or heavenly power because he has a power of his knowledge and slowly he fall and in last scene of play when Dr. Faustus repeanting there we can prove that there is indirectly god is present in the play in the mind of Dr. Faustus...

3) What reading and interpretation can be given to this image (see the image of Daedalus and Icarus) with reference to central theme of the play Dr. Faustus?

3-Greek myth of Icarus,a son whose father Daeduls give wings to him.wings which is Made by besswex but Icarus forget that truth ND flew closer and closer to the sun and cause of it his wings melt and he fall down on earth and died. Similarly here Dr Faustus d

Fall down from his higher position of knowledge.Lust for knowledge is good at Some level but cross the limitations it is bad... Thus we can say that this image of falling of Icarus shows the central theme of same falling of Dr. Faustus .

Post truth thinking activity.

POST TRUTH
Post truth is a new word , it has been chosen as the word of the year in 2016 by 'Oxford English Dictionary'. Post Truth is mixture of two words. 

According to oxford dictionary Post Truth means
'Relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.'

If we define Post Truth in simple terms we can that Post Truth is a fact but not a real truth it is just the 'created truth' by person specially by media.
So, we can say that whatever media shows to the ordinary persons, it may not be the 100% pure and real truth. In other words Post Truth is a kind of rumour among the society and consider/believe as a truth.

For example,
nowadays the matter of Hardik Patel's sex CD is in the centre of the media in India. Now, we can say that this matter can be put into the definition of Post Truth. Because no one knows the reality about that, this CD may be the crated one(political stunt) or it might be the real also. Here, ordinary people of society does not know the reality so it is the truth from the perspective of media and some political parties but it is a Post Truth from the perspective of ordinary people of India because it is consider as a real clip among those who opposes Hardik but is believes that this created or a dummy CD to corrupt or spoil Hardik's political image among those who are the supporter of Hardik.
At the end it is difficult to say that is tgis matter going to be the truth or not???

Thinking activity on 'Hamlet'

1) How faithful is the movie to the original play?
Ans:The movie 'Hamlet' by Kenneth Branagh is completely faithful to the original play 'Hamlet' written by Shakespeare because Kenneth have taken each and every dialogues from the play to his movie.
2)After watching the movie, have your perception about play, characters or situations changed?   
Ans: After watching the movie 'Hamlet' we can find little bit changes like ophilia's character can be find loosely constructed.
3)Do you feel ‘aesthetic delight’ while watching the movie? If yes, exactly when did it happen? If no, can you explain with reasons?   
Ans:Yes, I felt aesthetic delight in the first scene in the movie when ghost appeared and at the last scene when Hamlet kills many people on whom he has doubt to  killed his father and be accompany with Claudius to hide the truth of his father's murder.

4)Do you feel ‘catharsis’ while or after watching movie? If yes, exactly when did it happen? If no, can you explain with reasons?
Ans: Yes, I felt 'Catharsis' while watching the movie in two scenes when Hamlet misbehave with his mother and on the screaming of Ophelia on her father's death.

5)Does screening of movie help you in better understanding of the play?·         
Was there any particular scene or moment in the movie that you will cherish lifetime?
Ans: The screening of the movie helped me to understand the play in the better way.And the play is also helpful to remember every scene ,situation of character and most of remember the scene of ghost.

6)If you are director, what changes would you like to make in the remaking of movie on Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’?
Ans:if I would a director of the movie I would change some scenes and character's behaviour like I would make Ophelia's character more powerful and give more importance to the female characters and I would also change the age of Hamlet.
7)In the beginning of the movie, camera rolls over the statue of King Hamlet out side the Elsinore castle. The movie ends with the similar sequence wherein the statue of the King Hamlet is hammered down to the dust. What sort of symbolism do you read in this?
Ans:The beginning scene's statue shows us the power and the ruling man all over the Denmark, though he has been died now, and the last Hemlet's statue's fallen scene symbolises the remarkable tragic end of Hamlet and also shows that no one can be the sovereign of particular reign for a longer time.

Thinking activity Wordsworth's preface to the 'Lyrical Ballads'

1.what is the basic difference between the poetic creed of 'Classicism' and 'Romanticism'?
Ans: There are two different ideologies or perhaps more than that. In classicism intellect was considered to be ruling guiding principal and pope, Dryden they were considered to be classicist. Whereas in romanticism we find imagination. Wordsworth, Keats, Shally they were romantic writers. They indulge in fancy and their poetry was highly imaginative. Restrained was ruling word among classicists. Whereas romantics gave liberty, poets were free to express their feeling.Classicists were followed classical masters like Aristotle, Plato. Whereas romantics turn for inspiration not to the classical masters. Medieval was prevented during that time.
We can find urban life; city life was presented in classicism whereas in romanticism rustic life, rural life was presented.

2. Why does Wordsworth say 'What' is poet? rather than Who is poet?
Ans: In his preface he said that, ”a poet is a man speaking to man, endowed with more lively sensibility, more enthusiasm and tenderness, great en knowledge of human nature, more comprehensive soul, men in the spirit of life, creative volition, passions and situations where he does not find them, who rejoice more.” Even things which is not exists poet can create that.
3.What is poetic diction? Which sort of poetic diction is suggested by Wordsworth in his Preface?
Ans: Poetic diction means choice of words, unique style of particular poet or author. Then in which way they interwoven or construct that being diction. Wordsworth offers his first lyrical ballads in 1798 he offered that as an experiment. In his preface he mentions that, that diction was inane and highly ornamental. He promotes rural life and nature. He said that all things limited to city only. Further he said that he want to use language as really used by men.
4.What is poetry?
Ans:According to Wordsworth, “poetry is the breath and filer of all knowledge, the impassioned expression that is in the countenance of all science.” Other one was, “poetry is the instrument for the propagation of moral thoughts.”
5. Discuss 'Daffodils - I wandered lonely as a cloud' with reference to Wordsworth's poetic creed.
Ans: It begins with, “I wondered lonely as cloud” this whole poem divided in four stanzas. First three stanza are in past tense and last one was in present tense. It shows that he is lake poet, he wondered outside and then when he reach home and sit on his couch and then recollect the memory and whole poem written. Poem written in recollection in tranquility. Poem ends with, “then my heart with pleasure feels and dances with Daffodils.”

Dr Faustus thinking activity

1)The play directed by Matthew Dunster for Globe theatre ends with this scene (see the image of Lucifer). What does it signify?
Ans: By seeing this picture of Dr Faustus' last scene in globe theatre drama we can observe this picture as that Lucifer won in the end she became successful in his idea to take a faustus's soul as a devil.
Lucifer with wings and much confidently show his power, and his win feeling seen in his personality, his power is power got by soul of dead Dr Faustas.

2)Is God present in the play? If yes, where and how? If No, why?
Ans: yes, god existed in the play it is the good angle and an old man. But we can not say them really a god but a kind of messenger of god who warns Faustus at particular point of the play. The entire play can be seen as the tragedy of a man who goes against the God and challenges the God, so we can say that their is the existence of God because without a God challenge can not possible. According to Christianity and their Bible God is everywhere and we should not forget that this play or a character of Dr Faustus is also the kind of portion of this world after all.

3) What reading and interpretation can be given to this image (see the image of Daedalus and Icarus) with reference to central theme of the play Dr. Faustus?
Ans: we can see here the picture of Icures and Faustus falling down to the earth.
we can say that this fall has happened because of their own fault and their hubris (excessive pride).

Presentation - Paper no 4 (Indian Writing in English)

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Presentation - Paper no 4 (Indian Writing in English)

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Woman Victimization in India with Special Reference to 'The Fakeer of Jungheera' from Ramiz39

Presentation - Paper no 3 (Literary Theory and Criticism)

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Presentation - Paper no 1 (The Renaissance Literature)

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Assignment - Paper no 4 (Indian Writing in English)

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Name                  : Ramiz M. Solanki

Course Name      : M.A ENGLISH

Semester             : 1

Roll No                 : 34

Paper no              : 04 (Indian Writing in English)

Batch                   : 2017-2019

Enrollment No      : 2069108420180051

Email Id                : ramiz.solanki39@gmail.com

Submitted to         : Smt. S. B. Gardi Dept of English Bhavnagar University.

Subject                 : Prominent Literary Figures in Indian Writing in English.

                           

    

Introduction

Indian Renaissance occurred after the emergence of the British forces, when a mass religious and social awakening took place. The foremost reformists had undertaken the task with a lot of eagerness and enthusiasm. Renaissance stands for rebirth and Indian renaissance refers to that period which was marked by the quest of knowledge and development of science and arts. The incredible effects of Indian Renaissance were reflected in the quality of life and the new frontiers scaled by dance, music and other performing arts. Behind the famous creeds and ceremonials of the country, stand the Bhagavad Gita, the Upanishads, the Tantra, the Vedas; these, though referable to receding ages as regards their rise, are living influences at the present era.

Emergence of Indian Renaissance 

The period when the Hindu religious system was revived can be termed as Hindu renaissance, which was marked with the restoration of the Hindu deities and tradition. The Guptas, pioneer of the Golden age resuscitated all lost glory by setting up a tradition, which was very Indian, with developments in Sanskrit literature, art forms and religion at its peak. The late 18th century marked the beginning of a new era with movements essential for a complete reformation. The reformists did never think of discriminating on the basis of caste or sub caste, gender, or race. Hindu nationalism also rose to a great extent during this period.

During the Renaissance in Europe, India witnessed a renaissance of its own; the Taj Mahal was built during this period; sacred texts were translated into different languages and there was development of overseas trade. Moreover, the Grand Trunk Road was constructed during this extensive period and many social reformers also had lived during this period. The most significant renaissance had occurred during the period of colonial rule in India. The British imperialists had ruled and dominated for the most prolonged period, during which both worse and beneficial incidents passed by, till the year 1947. The Indian Independence had earned the countrymen their vision of Swaraj and made them their own masters. Indian renaissance had rediscovered roots of economic and administrational stability. Renaissance was a solemn effort by a differentiated and higher class of people, who had made them distinguishable in every sphere of art, culture and education.

As a result, these native intellectuals earned themselves an opportunity to interact with the English class, when speaking, writing, or associations are being spoken about. And the territory of Bengal was absolutely leading in this Indian renaissance context, beginning from writers, politicians, historians, freedom fighters and religious saints. Such was their influence upon the then Indian society, that Bengal renaissance has now come to be coined as a cardinal element under British Indian episodes.

Prominent Writers of Renaissance.

Rabindranath Tagore  (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941)

Tagore was a Bengalipolymath who reshaped Bengali literature and music, as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Author of Gitanjali and its "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse", he became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913. Tagore's poetic songs were viewed as spiritual and mercurial; however, his "elegant prose and magical poetry" remain largely unknown outside Bengal.^[8] He is sometimes referred to as "the Bard of Bengal".

A Pirali Brahmin from Calcutta with ancestral gentry roots in Jessore, Tagore wrote poetry as an eight-year-old.^[10] At the age of sixteen, he released his first substantial poems under the pseudonym Bhanusimha ("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon by literary authorities as long-lost classics.^[11][12] By 1877 he graduated to his first short stories and dramas, published under his real name. As a humanist, universalist internationalist, and ardent anti-nationalist,^[13] he denounced the British Rajand advocated independence from Britain. As an exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, he advanced a vast canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds of texts, and some two thousand songs; his legacy also endures in the institution he founded, Visva-Bharati University.^{[14][15][16][17][18]}

Tagore modernized Bengali art by spurning rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures. His novels, stories, songs, dance-dramas, and essays spoke to topics political and personal. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced) and Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) are his best-known works, and his verse, short stories, and novels were acclaimed—or panned—for their lyricism, colloquialism, naturalism, and unnatural contemplation. His compositions were chosen by two nations as national anthems: India's Jana Gana Mana and Bangladesh's Amar Shonar Bangla. The Sri Lankan national anthem was inspired by his work.

Works of Tagore

Tagore Known mostly for his poetry, Tagore wrote novels, essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, and thousands of songs. Of Tagore's prose, his short stories are perhaps most highly regarded; he is indeed credited with originating the Bengali-language version of the genre. His works are frequently noted for their rhythmic, optimistic, and lyrical nature. Such stories mostly borrow from deceptively simple subject matter: commoners. Tagore's non-fiction grappled with history, linguistics, and spirituality. He wrote autobiographies.

  Gitanjali [1913] 
  Saddhana, The Realisation of Life 
  The Crescent Moon [1913] 
  Fruit-Gathering [1916] 
  Stray Birds [1916] 
  The Home and the World [1915] 
  Thought Relics [1921] 

Mulk Raj Anand (12 December 1905 – 28 September 2004)

Anand was an Indian writer in English, notable for his depiction of the lives of the poorer castes in traditional Indian society. One of the pioneers of Indo-Anglian fiction, he, together with R. K. Narayan, Ahmad Ali and Raja Rao, was one of the first India-based writers in English to gain an international readership. Anand is admired for his novels and short stories, which have acquired the status of being classic works of modern Indian English literature, noted for their perceptive insight into the lives of the oppressed and their analyses of impoverishment, exploitation and misfortune.^[1][2]He is also notable for being among the first writers incorporate Punjabi and Hindustani idioms into English and was a recipient of the civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan.

Works of Anand

Untouchable

The Morning Face

Across the Black Waters

The Sword and the Sickle

R.K Narayana (10 October 1906 – 13 May 2001)

Narayan full name Rasipuram Krishnaswami Iyer Narayanaswami, was an Indian writer known for his works set in the fictional South Indian town of Malgudi. He was a leading author of early Indian literature in English along with Mulk Raj Anand and Raja Rao.

Narayan's mentor and friend Graham Greene was instrumental in getting publishers for Narayan’s first four books including the semi-autobiographical trilogy of Swami and Friends, The Bachelor of Artsand The English Teacher. The fictional town of Malgudi was first introduced in Swami and Friends. Narayan’s The Financial Expert was hailed as one of the most original works of 1951 and Sahitya Akademi Award winner The Guide was adapted for film and for Broadway.

Narayan highlights the social context and everyday life of his characters. He has been compared to William Faulkner who also created a similar fictional town and likewise explored with humour and compassion the energy of ordinary life. Narayan's short stories have been compared with those of Guy de Maupassant because of his ability to compress a narrative. However he has also been criticised for the simplicity of his prose.

In a career that spanned over sixty years Narayan received many awards and honours including the AC Benson Medal from the Royal Society of Literature, the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Vibhushan, India's third and second highest civilian awards.^[1] He was also nominated to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of India's parliament.

Works of R.K Narayana

    The Bachelor of Arts/1937/Thomas Neslon.

    The Dark Room/1938/Eyre.

    The English Teacher/1945/Eyre.

    Mr. Sampath/1948/Eyre.

    The Financial Expert/1952/Methuen.

    Waiting for the Mahatma/1955/Methuen.

    The Guide/1958/Methuen.

Raja Rao (November 1908 – 8 July 2006)

Rao was an Indian writer of English-language novels and short stories, whose works are deeply rooted in Metaphysics. The Serpent and the Rope (1960), a semi-autobiographical novel recounting a search for spiritual truth in Europe and India, established him as one of the finest Indian prose stylists and won him the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1964.^[1] For the entire body of his work, Rao was awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature in 1988. Rao's wide-ranging body of work, spanning a number of genres, is seen as a varied and significant contribution to Indian English literature, as well as World literature as a whole.

Raja Rao was born on November 8, 1908 in Hassan, in the princely state of Mysore (now in Karnataka in South India), into a Smartha Brahminfamily of the Hoysala Karnataka caste. He was the eldest of 9 siblings, having seven sisters and a brother named Yogeshwara Ananda. His father, H.V. Krishnaswamy, taught Kannada, the native language of Karnataka, at Nizam College in Hyderabad. His mother, Gauramma, was a homemaker who died when Raja Rao was 4 years old.^[3]

The death of his mother, when he was four, left a lasting impression on the novelist – the absence of a mother and orphanhood are recurring themes in his work. Another influence from early life was his grandfather, with whom he lived in Hassan and Harihalli or Harohalli).

Rao was educated at a Muslim school, the Madarsa-e-Aliya in Hyderabad. After matriculationin 1927, Rao studied for his degree at Nizam's College. at the Osmania University, where he became friends with Ahmad Ali. He began learning French. After graduating from the University of Madras, having majored in English and history, he won the Asiatic Scholarship of the Government of Hyderabad in 1929, for study abroad.

Rao moved to the University of Montpellier in France. He studied French language and literature, and later at the Sorbonne in Paris, he explored the Indian influence on Irish literature. He married Camille Mouly, who taught French at Montpellier, in 1931. The marriage lasted until 1939. Later he depicted the breakdown of their marriage in The Serpent and the Rope. Rao published his first stories in French and English. During 1931–32 he contributed four articles written in Kannada for Jaya Karnataka, an influential journal.

Works of Raja Rao

Kanthapura 1938.
The Cow of the Barricades and Other Stories 1947.
The Serpent and the Rope 1960.
The Cat and Shakespeare: A Tale of India 1965.
Comrade Kirillov 1976.
The Policeman and the Rose: Stories 1978.