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Name : Ramiz M. Solanki
Course
Name : M.A ENGLISH
Semester : 1
Roll
No : 34
Paper
no : 04 (Indian Writing in
English)
Batch : 2017-2019
Enrollment
No : 2069108420180051
Submitted
to : Smt. S. B. Gardi Dept of
English Bhavnagar University.
Subject : Prominent Literary Figures
in Indian Writing in English.
Introduction
Indian Renaissance occurred
after the emergence of the British forces, when a mass religious and social
awakening took place. The foremost reformists had undertaken the task with a
lot of eagerness and enthusiasm. Renaissance stands for rebirth and Indian
renaissance refers to that period which was marked by the quest of knowledge
and development of science and arts. The incredible effects of Indian
Renaissance were reflected in the quality of life and the new frontiers scaled
by dance, music and other performing arts. Behind the famous creeds and
ceremonials of the country, stand the Bhagavad Gita,
the Upanishads,
the Tantra, the Vedas;
these, though referable to receding ages as regards their rise, are living
influences at the present era.
Emergence of Indian Renaissance
Emergence of Indian Renaissance
The
period when the Hindu religious system was revived can be termed as Hindu
renaissance, which was marked with the restoration of the Hindu deities and
tradition. The Guptas, pioneer of the Golden age resuscitated all lost glory by
setting up a tradition, which was very Indian, with developments in Sanskrit literature, art forms and
religion at its peak. The late 18th century marked the beginning of a new era
with movements essential for a complete reformation. The reformists did never
think of discriminating on the basis of caste or sub caste, gender, or race.
Hindu nationalism also rose to a great extent during this period.
During the Renaissance in Europe, India witnessed a renaissance of its own; the Taj Mahal was built during this period; sacred texts were translated into different languages and there was development of overseas trade. Moreover, the Grand Trunk Road was constructed during this extensive period and many social reformers also had lived during this period. The most significant renaissance had occurred during the period of colonial rule in India. The British imperialists had ruled and dominated for the most prolonged period, during which both worse and beneficial incidents passed by, till the year 1947. The Indian Independence had earned the countrymen their vision of Swaraj and made them their own masters. Indian renaissance had rediscovered roots of economic and administrational stability. Renaissance was a solemn effort by a differentiated and higher class of people, who had made them distinguishable in every sphere of art, culture and education.
As a result, these native intellectuals earned themselves an opportunity to interact with the English class, when speaking, writing, or associations are being spoken about. And the territory of Bengal was absolutely leading in this Indian renaissance context, beginning from writers, politicians, historians, freedom fighters and religious saints. Such was their influence upon the then Indian society, that Bengal renaissance has now come to be coined as a cardinal element under British Indian episodes.
During the Renaissance in Europe, India witnessed a renaissance of its own; the Taj Mahal was built during this period; sacred texts were translated into different languages and there was development of overseas trade. Moreover, the Grand Trunk Road was constructed during this extensive period and many social reformers also had lived during this period. The most significant renaissance had occurred during the period of colonial rule in India. The British imperialists had ruled and dominated for the most prolonged period, during which both worse and beneficial incidents passed by, till the year 1947. The Indian Independence had earned the countrymen their vision of Swaraj and made them their own masters. Indian renaissance had rediscovered roots of economic and administrational stability. Renaissance was a solemn effort by a differentiated and higher class of people, who had made them distinguishable in every sphere of art, culture and education.
As a result, these native intellectuals earned themselves an opportunity to interact with the English class, when speaking, writing, or associations are being spoken about. And the territory of Bengal was absolutely leading in this Indian renaissance context, beginning from writers, politicians, historians, freedom fighters and religious saints. Such was their influence upon the then Indian society, that Bengal renaissance has now come to be coined as a cardinal element under British Indian episodes.
Prominent Writers of
Renaissance.
Rabindranath Tagore (7
May 1861 – 7 August 1941)
Tagore was a Bengalipolymath who
reshaped Bengali literature and music,
as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries. Author of Gitanjali and its
"profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse", he became the
first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in
Literature in
1913. Tagore's poetic songs were viewed as spiritual and mercurial;
however, his "elegant prose and magical poetry" remain largely
unknown outside Bengal.[8] He
is sometimes referred to as "the Bard of Bengal".
A Pirali
Brahmin from Calcutta with
ancestral gentry roots in Jessore,
Tagore wrote poetry as an eight-year-old.[10] At
the age of sixteen, he released his first
substantial poems under
the pseudonym Bhanusimha
("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon by literary authorities as
long-lost classics.[11][12] By
1877 he graduated to his first short stories and dramas, published under his
real name. As a humanist, universalist internationalist, and ardent
anti-nationalist,[13] he
denounced the British Rajand advocated independence from
Britain. As an exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, he advanced a vast canon that
comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds of texts, and some two
thousand songs; his legacy also endures in the institution he founded, Visva-Bharati University.[14][15][16][17][18]
Tagore modernized Bengali art by
spurning rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures. His novels,
stories, songs, dance-dramas, and essays spoke to topics political and
personal. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced)
and Ghare-Baire (The Home and the
World) are his
best-known works, and his verse, short stories, and novels were acclaimed—or
panned—for their lyricism, colloquialism, naturalism, and unnatural
contemplation. His compositions were chosen by two nations as national anthems:
India's Jana Gana Mana and Bangladesh's Amar Shonar Bangla. The Sri Lankan national anthem was inspired by his work.
Works of Tagore
Tagore Known mostly
for his poetry, Tagore wrote novels, essays, short stories, travelogues,
dramas, and thousands of songs. Of Tagore's prose, his short stories are
perhaps most highly regarded; he is indeed credited with originating the
Bengali-language version of the genre. His works are frequently noted for their
rhythmic, optimistic, and lyrical nature. Such stories mostly borrow from
deceptively simple subject matter: commoners. Tagore's non-fiction grappled with
history, linguistics, and spirituality. He wrote autobiographies.
Gitanjali [1913]
Saddhana, The Realisation of Life
The Crescent Moon [1913]
Fruit-Gathering [1916]
Stray Birds [1916]
The Home and the World [1915]
Thought Relics [1921]
Saddhana, The Realisation of Life
The Crescent Moon [1913]
Fruit-Gathering [1916]
Stray Birds [1916]
The Home and the World [1915]
Thought Relics [1921]
Mulk Raj Anand (12 December 1905 – 28 September 2004)
Anand was an Indian writer in English, notable for his
depiction of the lives of the poorer castes in traditional Indian society. One of the pioneers
of Indo-Anglian fiction,
he, together with R.
K. Narayan, Ahmad
Ali and Raja
Rao, was one of the first India-based writers in English to gain
an international readership. Anand is admired for his novels and short stories,
which have acquired the status of being classic works of modern Indian English
literature, noted for their perceptive insight into the lives of the oppressed
and their analyses of impoverishment, exploitation and misfortune.[1][2]He is also notable for being among the first writers
incorporate Punjabi and Hindustani idioms
into English and was a recipient of the civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan.
Works of Anand
Untouchable
The Morning Face
Across the Black Waters
The Sword and the Sickle
R.K
Narayana (10 October 1906 – 13 May 2001)
Narayan full name Rasipuram Krishnaswami Iyer Narayanaswami,
was an Indian writer known for his works set in the fictional South Indian town
of Malgudi.
He was a leading author of early Indian literature in
English along
with Mulk Raj Anand and Raja Rao.
Narayan's mentor and friend Graham Greene was
instrumental in getting publishers for Narayan’s first four books including the
semi-autobiographical trilogy of Swami and Friends, The Bachelor of Artsand The English Teacher.
The fictional town of Malgudi was first introduced in Swami and Friends. Narayan’s The Financial Expert was
hailed as one of the most original works of 1951 and Sahitya Akademi Award winner The Guide was adapted for film and for
Broadway.
Narayan highlights the social context
and everyday life of his characters. He has been compared to William Faulkner who
also created a similar fictional town and likewise explored with humour and
compassion the energy of ordinary life. Narayan's short stories have been compared
with those of Guy de Maupassant because
of his ability to compress a narrative. However he has also been criticised for
the simplicity of his prose.
In a career that spanned over sixty
years Narayan received many awards and honours including the AC Benson Medal from
the Royal Society of Literature, the Padma Bhushan and
the Padma Vibhushan, India's third and second
highest civilian awards.[1] He
was also nominated to the Rajya Sabha,
the upper house of India's parliament.
Works of R.K Narayana
The Bachelor of Arts/1937/Thomas Neslon.
The Dark Room/1938/Eyre.
The English Teacher/1945/Eyre.
Mr. Sampath/1948/Eyre.
The Financial Expert/1952/Methuen.
Waiting for the Mahatma/1955/Methuen.
The Guide/1958/Methuen.
Raja Rao (November 1908 – 8 July
2006)
Rao was an Indian writer of
English-language novels and short stories, whose works are deeply rooted
in Metaphysics. The Serpent and the Rope (1960), a semi-autobiographical
novel recounting
a search for spiritual truth in Europe and India, established him as one of the
finest Indian prose stylists and won him the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1964.[1] For
the entire body of his work, Rao was awarded the Neustadt International Prize for
Literature in 1988. Rao's wide-ranging body of work, spanning a
number of genres, is seen as a varied and significant contribution to Indian
English literature, as well as World literature as a whole.
Raja Rao was born on November 8,
1908 in Hassan, in the princely state of Mysore (now
in Karnataka in South India),
into a Smartha Brahminfamily
of the Hoysala Karnataka caste. He was the eldest
of 9 siblings, having seven sisters and a brother named Yogeshwara Ananda. His
father, H.V. Krishnaswamy, taught Kannada,
the native language of Karnataka, at Nizam College in Hyderabad.
His mother, Gauramma, was a homemaker who died when Raja Rao was 4 years old.[3]
The death of his mother, when he was
four, left a lasting impression on the novelist – the absence of a mother and
orphanhood are recurring themes in his work. Another influence from early life
was his grandfather, with whom he lived in Hassan and Harihalli or Harohalli).
Rao was educated at a Muslim school,
the Madarsa-e-Aliya in Hyderabad. After matriculationin
1927, Rao studied for his degree at Nizam's College. at the Osmania University, where he became friends
with Ahmad Ali. He began learning French. After
graduating from the University of Madras, having majored in English and
history, he won the Asiatic Scholarship of the Government of Hyderabad in 1929,
for study abroad.
Rao moved to the University of
Montpellier in
France. He studied French language and literature, and later at the Sorbonne in
Paris, he explored the Indian influence on Irish literature. He married Camille
Mouly, who taught French at Montpellier, in 1931. The marriage lasted until
1939. Later he depicted the breakdown of their marriage in The Serpent and the Rope. Rao
published his first stories in French and English. During 1931–32 he
contributed four articles written in Kannada for Jaya Karnataka, an influential
journal.
Works of Raja Rao
Kanthapura 1938.
The Cow of the Barricades and Other Stories 1947.
The Serpent and the Rope 1960.
The Cat and Shakespeare: A Tale of India 1965.
Comrade Kirillov 1976.
The Policeman and the Rose: Stories 1978.
The Cow of the Barricades and Other Stories 1947.
The Serpent and the Rope 1960.
The Cat and Shakespeare: A Tale of India 1965.
Comrade Kirillov 1976.
The Policeman and the Rose: Stories 1978.
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